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Treaty 4 (3)

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Treaty 4 is an agreement established between Queen Victoria and the Cree and Saulteaux First Nation band governments. The treaty encompasses most of present-day southern Saskatchewan, along with small areas in what are now western Manitoba and southeastern Alberta. Often referred to as the Qu'Appelle Treaty, it was initially signed at Fort Qu'Appelle, North-West Territories, on September 15, 1874. Additional signings and adhesions continued until September 1877. Notably, Treaty 4 is unique among Canadian indigenous treaties for having a corresponding indigenous interpretation, a pictograph created at the time by Chief Paskwa.

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Fort Walsh, a National Historic Site of Canada, was a North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) fort and the location of the Cypress Hills Massacre. Managed by Parks Canada, it is part of Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park.Constructed in June 1875 and named after its builder, Inspector James Morrow Walsh, the fort was established to address the illegal whisky trade, secure Canada's border with the United States, and support native policy. These issues were highlighted after the Cypress Hills Massacre of 1873, leading to the creation of the NWMP under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.Assiniboine chiefs Man Who Takes the Coat, Long Lodge, and Lean Man signed Treaty 4 at the fort on September 25, 1877.Fort Walsh served as the NWMP headquarters from 1878 to 1882 but was closed and dismantled in 1883. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1924 and was later reconstructed in the 1940s to breed horses for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Musical Ride.Visitors can explore the fort's buildings, the former townsite, cemeteries, and the whisky trading post. On September 28, 2004, Fort Walsh was included in the Cypress Hills dark-sky preserve.On June 28, 1985, Canada Post issued a stamp titled 'Fort Walsh, Sask., circa 1880,' as part of the 'Forts Across Canada' series. The stamps, designed by Rolf P. Harder and printed by Ashton-Potter Limited, are perforated 12+1⁄2 × 13 mm.

Fort Qu'Appelle is a historic town nestled in the Qu'Appelle River valley in Saskatchewan, Canada, located 70 kilometers northeast of Regina, between Echo and Mission Lakes, two of the Fishing Lakes. Its history stretches back to 1864, when it was established as a Hudson's Bay Company trading post, and it has since become a vital part of Saskatchewan’s rich cultural and historical tapestry.The town of Fort Qu'Appelle, which had 1,919 residents in 2006, is strategically positioned at the crossroads of several key highways: Highway 35, Highway 10, Highway 22, Highway 56, and Highway 215. This geographic positioning has played an important role in its development as a central hub in the region. Over time, the community has developed notable landmarks, such as the 1897 Hudson’s Bay Company store and the 1911 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway station. These buildings, alongside the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium (known as Fort San) and the Treaty 4 Governance Centre, which is uniquely shaped like a teepee, are defining features of the town. Additionally, the Noel Pinay sculpture, depicting a man in prayer, commemorates an ancient burial ground and adds to the town's deep sense of heritage and respect for its history.The present-day Fort Qu'Appelle is actually the third location to bear the name. The first Fort Qu'Appelle was established by the North West Company between 1801 and 1805 near the current Saskatchewan-Manitoba border. Another Hudson's Bay Company post, named Fort Qu'Appelle, was set up north of what is now Whitewood, Saskatchewan, from 1813 to 1819. These earlier trading posts laid the foundation for what would later become the town's more permanent settlement.Before the Hudson's Bay Company set up its enduring fur-trading post in 1864, the region around Fort Qu'Appelle was already a central location for various Indigenous trails that crisscrossed the northwest. A Hudson's Bay Company trading post briefly operated from 1852 to 1854, but it was not until the establishment of an Anglican mission that the settlement began to grow more permanently. This Anglican mission survives today in the form of St. John the Evangelist Anglican parish church, which remains a prominent part of the community's spiritual landscape.The trading post that became the foundation of Fort Qu'Appelle experienced a revival between 1864 and 1911, solidifying the town's position as an important regional center. During this period, the signing of Treaty 4 with the Cree and Saulteaux peoples marked a crucial moment in the town's history. Following the treaty signing, the North-West Mounted Police, now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), established a presence in the town, which they have maintained ever since. This continued law enforcement presence signified the town's growing importance as a hub of activity and governance in the region.As agricultural development began in the 1880s, Fort Qu'Appelle underwent significant changes. Farmers, who settled in the surrounding areas, required an urban center where they could sell their grain and other products, purchase agricultural and household supplies, and engage in social gatherings. The town quickly became that center. Over time, the initial small-scale partitioning of land into farms proved unsustainable, and farm populations declined. By the 1970s, many farmers were selling their land and moving into town for retirement, accelerating Fort Qu'Appelle’s role as a residential community for those who had previously worked the land.The name 'Qu'Appelle' itself has an intriguing history. It is derived from the French phrase 'Qui appelle,' meaning 'who calls,' which is connected to its Cree name, 'kah-tep-was,' now rendered in Modern Plains Cree as 'kâ-têpwêt,' meaning 'river that calls.' The origin of this name is subject to several interpretations, but the most popular story revolves around a Cree legend of two lovers who were tragically separated. This legend was later popularized in poetry by E. Pauline Johnson, whose verses helped spread the story across the country.Beyond its role in Indigenous and fur-trading histories, Fort Qu'Appelle was once a key stop along a network of trails traversing the North-West Territories. Its proximity to significant trade routes contributed to its growth, and by 1864, when the Hudson’s Bay Company set up a trading post at its current location, the town began to flourish. The Hudson’s Bay Company’s activity initially focused on the fur trade, and the post facilitated the shipping of pemmican down the valley on cart trails to supply fur traders working in more forested regions to the north and east.Fort Qu'Appelle also played a role during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 (North-West resistance). General Middleton, who was leading Canadian forces to quell the rebellion, gathered soldiers at Qu'Appelle, near the Canadian Pacific Railway. From there, he ordered Captain French, an Irish officer formerly with the North-West Mounted Police, to raise a mounted force in the Fort Qu'Appelle area. This force joined with other regiments and marched to Batoche, where one of the most notorious battles of the rebellion would take place.As European settlers arrived in the 1880s, Fort Qu'Appelle further transformed into a commercial and social hub. The original Hudson's Bay Company trading post transitioned into a department store on Broadway Street by 1897. Although the fur trade had largely diminished by then, the town’s population had grown significantly, as farmers from surrounding areas traveled into town to shop. The old store building still stands, although it has long since ceased to be a functional part of the Hudson's Bay Company’s operations.At one time, there was some confusion over the naming of the town. Both Fort Qu'Appelle and the nearby town of Qu'Appelle laid claim to the name, but this dispute was settled in 1911 when the present Fort Qu'Appelle was officially recognized as the town located in the Qu'Appelle Valley, while the railway station site was named simply Qu'Appelle.The establishment of three industrial boarding schools for First Nations adolescents in 1883 is another chapter in Fort Qu'Appelle's history. One of these schools was located on the south side of Mission Lake, near the community of Lebret. These schools are a reminder of the town's complex role in Canada's colonial history.The town’s significance was further cemented in 1953 when the site of the original fort was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada. Over the years, Fort Qu'Appelle has retained its importance as a historical and cultural center in Saskatchewan. According to the 2021 Census, the town had a population of 1,972 people living in 850 dwellings, a slight decrease from the 2016 population of 2,042. The town spans an area of 5.09 square kilometers, with a population density of 387.4 people per square kilometer.Fort Qu'Appelle remains a place where history and modern life blend, with its historic landmarks, rich cultural legacy, and its continuing role as a central community in the Qu'Appelle Valley.

The West Block of Grasslands National Park is a captivating section of the park located about an hour south of Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and near the village of Val Marie. Established in 1981, Grasslands National Park encompasses two main parcels: the East Block and the West Block. The park is situated on the edge of the U.S. state of Montana, adjacent to the international boundary.This area of the park is renowned for its rich natural features, including the Frenchman River Valley, which is a significant highlight. The West Block is home to a thriving population of over 300 plains bison, originally reintroduced from Elk Island National Park in Alberta in 2006. By 2015, the herd had grown substantially, demonstrating successful conservation efforts.The West Block also features prairie dog colonies and is part of an Important Bird Area of Canada, known for its diverse avian species. Visitors can enjoy the Frenchman Valley Campground, which offers serviced camping sites, teepee camping, and a cook shelter. For those seeking a more rugged experience, backcountry camping is available.In addition to its natural attractions, the park was designated a dark-sky preserve in 2009. This designation helps maintain the area's natural night environment, benefiting nocturnal wildlife and preserving the starry skies.Historical significance adds to the West Block's allure, with notable events including the discovery of Western Canada's first dinosaur remains in the Killdeer Badlands by Sir George Mercer Dawson in 1874, and Sitting Bull's refuge in the area with his Sioux followers after the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1877.The park is located in Census Division No. 4 and holds cultural importance as it is situated on Treaty 4 land, traditionally belonging to the Blackfoot people of the Canadian and American plains. In 2022, an agreement with the Métis Nation - Saskatchewan facilitated the transfer of 24 bison, further enriching the park's ecological diversity.

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Other Words

Vairocana
Kolkhozes
Treaty 4
Western Paradise
House of Bourbon
Mikvah
Tegernsee
Historicist
Dominicans

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