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Magdeburg rights (2)

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Magdeburg rights (German: Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler. Named after the German city of Magdeburg, these town charters were perhaps the most important set of medieval laws in Central Europe.

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Biržai is a town in northern Lithuania. Biržai is famous for its reconstructed Biržai Castle manor, and the whole region is renowned for its many traditional-recipe beer breweries. The name of the town is of Lithuanian origin and is spelled in different forms in other languages: Birsen (German), Birże (Polish), Birzhai (Биржай, Russian - pre-1917 Биржи), and בירז/Birz or Birzh (Yiddish) and simplified to Birzai in English. The town's first written mention dates to 1455. The construction of Biržai Castle began in 1586, and the town was granted Magdeburg rights in 1589. The town's history is closely associated with the Radziwiłł family (Lithuanian: Radvila). Jerzy Radziwiłł was the first noble to settle in the town. Later, after his daughter, Barbara Radziwiłł married the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus in 1547, the power and influence of the family grew immensely. The Radvila family established a Protestant church and school, and the town became a cultural center of the Protestant Reformation in Lithuania. In 1869 the town had about 2,600 residents. Thirty years later the population had grown to 4,400. During World War II, the entire Jewish population of Biržai was annihilated. 15 Jews were shot to death by German soldiers at the Biržai Jewish cemetery in July 1941. On 8 August 1941, Gestapo and Lithuanian collaborators murdered the entire Jewish population of the town, some 2,400 people, by shooting them to death at a mass grave in a forest grove 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) outside the town. The town was almost completely burned down during the war. Oldtown was destroyed. In 1968 the population reached 10,000. In 2020 the population was 10,146.

Small town in Kaunas County. In 2011 it had a population of 1,395. The town of Karmėlava is located 6 km (3.7 mi) north east of Kaunas and near the second-busiest civil airport in Lithuania, Kaunas International Airport. Karmėlava is one of the oldest settlements in Lithuania. Karmelava Estate was mentioned since the late 15th century. The first church in Karmėlava was built in 1529. Grand Duchess of Lithuania Barbora Radvilaitė became the governor of Karmėlava and its environs in 1549. Later, Karmėlava was governed by noble families of Pac, Ogiński, and Sirutis. The parish first school in Karmėlava was mentioned in 1663. Karmėlava was devastated during the Northern Wars. The town of Karmėlava was granted the Magdeburg rights and the coat of arms in 1792.

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