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The Cree, also known as nehinaw (Cree: néhinaw, néhiyaw, nihithaw, etc.; French: Cri), are an Indigenous people of North America. Primarily residing in Canada, they form one of the country's largest First Nations groups, with over 350,000 people identifying as Cree or having Cree ancestry. The majority of Cree populations in Canada are located north and west of Lake Superior, spanning Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories, while around 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, the Cree historically lived from Lake Superior westward, but today are mainly found in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with the Ojibwe (Chippewa). The Cree's westward migration is closely linked to their involvement as traders and hunters in the North American fur trade.

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The region’s history is rich with stories of the Indigenous peoples who lived here for thousands of years before settlement, and of the Métis families who operated Red River cart brigades to support the fur trade. More recent narratives come from the immigrants who arrived to start new lives on farms and in towns that developed after the railway was built. Remnants of these early communities can be found in our local museums and art galleries, on building murals, cairns, and even in the ghost structures still visible today.The Town of Cut Knife, established in 1912, was named after the largest hill in the area, visible to the south. According to legend, in the 1840s, the Cree and the Tsuut’ina (then known as the Sarcee) were battling for dominance. A Tsuut’ina chief named Broken Knife was defeated, but his bravery so impressed the Cree that they named the hill in his honor. Over time, Broken Knife became known as Cut Knife in English. This hill was also the site of a battle during the 1885 North-West Resistance, and many of the town’s street names are derived from this event. Today, the hill is also referred to as Broken Knife’s Lookout or Chief Poundmaker Hill.For a deeper exploration of Cut Knife's history, we recommend visiting the Clayton McLain Memorial Museum in Tomahawk Park. The museum, which features a heritage village, themed exhibits, and archives, is a proud member of the Museums Association of Saskatchewan and the Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists. These organizations support local museums and archives by providing training and resources for preserving artifacts and archival materials.

Fort Qu'Appelle is a historic town nestled in the Qu'Appelle River valley in Saskatchewan, Canada, located 70 kilometers northeast of Regina, between Echo and Mission Lakes, two of the Fishing Lakes. Its history stretches back to 1864, when it was established as a Hudson's Bay Company trading post, and it has since become a vital part of Saskatchewan’s rich cultural and historical tapestry.The town of Fort Qu'Appelle, which had 1,919 residents in 2006, is strategically positioned at the crossroads of several key highways: Highway 35, Highway 10, Highway 22, Highway 56, and Highway 215. This geographic positioning has played an important role in its development as a central hub in the region. Over time, the community has developed notable landmarks, such as the 1897 Hudson’s Bay Company store and the 1911 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway station. These buildings, alongside the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium (known as Fort San) and the Treaty 4 Governance Centre, which is uniquely shaped like a teepee, are defining features of the town. Additionally, the Noel Pinay sculpture, depicting a man in prayer, commemorates an ancient burial ground and adds to the town's deep sense of heritage and respect for its history.The present-day Fort Qu'Appelle is actually the third location to bear the name. The first Fort Qu'Appelle was established by the North West Company between 1801 and 1805 near the current Saskatchewan-Manitoba border. Another Hudson's Bay Company post, named Fort Qu'Appelle, was set up north of what is now Whitewood, Saskatchewan, from 1813 to 1819. These earlier trading posts laid the foundation for what would later become the town's more permanent settlement.Before the Hudson's Bay Company set up its enduring fur-trading post in 1864, the region around Fort Qu'Appelle was already a central location for various Indigenous trails that crisscrossed the northwest. A Hudson's Bay Company trading post briefly operated from 1852 to 1854, but it was not until the establishment of an Anglican mission that the settlement began to grow more permanently. This Anglican mission survives today in the form of St. John the Evangelist Anglican parish church, which remains a prominent part of the community's spiritual landscape.The trading post that became the foundation of Fort Qu'Appelle experienced a revival between 1864 and 1911, solidifying the town's position as an important regional center. During this period, the signing of Treaty 4 with the Cree and Saulteaux peoples marked a crucial moment in the town's history. Following the treaty signing, the North-West Mounted Police, now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), established a presence in the town, which they have maintained ever since. This continued law enforcement presence signified the town's growing importance as a hub of activity and governance in the region.As agricultural development began in the 1880s, Fort Qu'Appelle underwent significant changes. Farmers, who settled in the surrounding areas, required an urban center where they could sell their grain and other products, purchase agricultural and household supplies, and engage in social gatherings. The town quickly became that center. Over time, the initial small-scale partitioning of land into farms proved unsustainable, and farm populations declined. By the 1970s, many farmers were selling their land and moving into town for retirement, accelerating Fort Qu'Appelle’s role as a residential community for those who had previously worked the land.The name 'Qu'Appelle' itself has an intriguing history. It is derived from the French phrase 'Qui appelle,' meaning 'who calls,' which is connected to its Cree name, 'kah-tep-was,' now rendered in Modern Plains Cree as 'kâ-têpwêt,' meaning 'river that calls.' The origin of this name is subject to several interpretations, but the most popular story revolves around a Cree legend of two lovers who were tragically separated. This legend was later popularized in poetry by E. Pauline Johnson, whose verses helped spread the story across the country.Beyond its role in Indigenous and fur-trading histories, Fort Qu'Appelle was once a key stop along a network of trails traversing the North-West Territories. Its proximity to significant trade routes contributed to its growth, and by 1864, when the Hudson’s Bay Company set up a trading post at its current location, the town began to flourish. The Hudson’s Bay Company’s activity initially focused on the fur trade, and the post facilitated the shipping of pemmican down the valley on cart trails to supply fur traders working in more forested regions to the north and east.Fort Qu'Appelle also played a role during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 (North-West resistance). General Middleton, who was leading Canadian forces to quell the rebellion, gathered soldiers at Qu'Appelle, near the Canadian Pacific Railway. From there, he ordered Captain French, an Irish officer formerly with the North-West Mounted Police, to raise a mounted force in the Fort Qu'Appelle area. This force joined with other regiments and marched to Batoche, where one of the most notorious battles of the rebellion would take place.As European settlers arrived in the 1880s, Fort Qu'Appelle further transformed into a commercial and social hub. The original Hudson's Bay Company trading post transitioned into a department store on Broadway Street by 1897. Although the fur trade had largely diminished by then, the town’s population had grown significantly, as farmers from surrounding areas traveled into town to shop. The old store building still stands, although it has long since ceased to be a functional part of the Hudson's Bay Company’s operations.At one time, there was some confusion over the naming of the town. Both Fort Qu'Appelle and the nearby town of Qu'Appelle laid claim to the name, but this dispute was settled in 1911 when the present Fort Qu'Appelle was officially recognized as the town located in the Qu'Appelle Valley, while the railway station site was named simply Qu'Appelle.The establishment of three industrial boarding schools for First Nations adolescents in 1883 is another chapter in Fort Qu'Appelle's history. One of these schools was located on the south side of Mission Lake, near the community of Lebret. These schools are a reminder of the town's complex role in Canada's colonial history.The town’s significance was further cemented in 1953 when the site of the original fort was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada. Over the years, Fort Qu'Appelle has retained its importance as a historical and cultural center in Saskatchewan. According to the 2021 Census, the town had a population of 1,972 people living in 850 dwellings, a slight decrease from the 2016 population of 2,042. The town spans an area of 5.09 square kilometers, with a population density of 387.4 people per square kilometer.Fort Qu'Appelle remains a place where history and modern life blend, with its historic landmarks, rich cultural legacy, and its continuing role as a central community in the Qu'Appelle Valley.

Holy Trinity Anglican Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic-style building situated along the banks of the Churchill River in Stanley Mission, part of the Lac La Ronge First Nation and Lac La Ronge Provincial Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.Designed by Rev. Robert Hunt, an English missionary who established Stanley Mission in 1851 with permission from the Hudson's Bay Company, the church was constructed between 1854 and 1860. Local Cree craftsmen built it using locally sourced lumber, while Hunt brought hardware and stained glass from England. Once the heart of a large missionary complex that included nearly 30 buildings and a cemetery, the church remains the oldest standing building in Saskatchewan. Though not the seat of a bishop, its impressive size, with a tall central nave and intricate spire, has earned it the nickname 'cathedral.'In 1970, Holy Trinity Anglican Church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It also became a provincially registered historic site on August 26, 1981. On June 10, 2010, a ceremony marked its 150th anniversary.

This Métis village is located on a peninsula extending into Lac Ile-a-la-Crosse, 685 km from Saskatoon. It is accessible year-round via Highway 908, which connects to Highway 155, 21 km northwest. Charter air service and bus service to Prince Albert are available, while the nearest Cameco facility is the Key Lake operation, situated over 230 km northeast.Ile-a-la-Crosse has a population of approximately 1,300, predominantly Métis, with ancestry including French, Scottish, Scandinavian, and Cree settlers.Ile-a-la-Crosse is the second oldest community in Saskatchewan, with historical ties to the Churchill, Beaver, and Canoe River systems. Louis Riel’s grandparents were married here, and his sister, Sara Riel, worked at the convent and is buried in the local cemetery.The Cree name, Sakitawak, means 'the place where the river flows out.' Its strategic location made it a key administrative center for the English River District of the Hudson’s Bay Company and a significant supply depot on the fur trade route during the late 18th and 19th centuries. A Roman Catholic mission was established in 1846, and in 1860, three Grey Nuns founded a school and hospital.Today, the village’s economy relies on commercial fishing, forestry, wild rice harvesting, and resource extraction. The Rossignol Elementary School serves about 200 students from preschool to Grade 6, while the Rossignol High School offers Grades 7 to 12 and adult educational programs.

Île-à-la-Crosse (Plains Cree: ᓵᑭᑕᐚᕽ, romanized: sâkitawâhk) is a northern village in Division No. 18, northwestern Saskatchewan, established in 1778 as a historic trading post. It is Saskatchewan's second-oldest community, following the Red River Colony, and sits at the end of a 20 km (12 mi) peninsula on the western shore of Lac Île-à-la-Crosse. The village connects with Peter Pond Lake and Churchill Lake through a series of lakes and rivers.The Cree and Dene named this area Sakitawak, meaning 'big opening where the waters meet.' These waterways were known as the headwaters of Missinipe, later renamed English River, and now called the Churchill River. Île-à-la-Crosse lies at the southern gateway to the Methye Portage, a critical trade route where waters flow towards both the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay.Île-à-la-Crosse has significant historical importance due to its strategic location, which attracted fur trading companies and Catholic missionaries. Historically, it was a borderland between Cree and Dene territories, becoming a hub for cultural and economic exchanges among the Cree, Dene, Scots, English, French, and Métis peoples.Île-à-la-Crosse developed as a key center in the fur trade, establishing a distinct Métis community. In 1776, Thomas Frobisher built the first trading post, followed by Peter Pond, who charted a route to Athabasca. The area became a central hub for fur trading, with traders moving north and west from the Plains.The fur trade intensified competition, particularly between the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). After the 1821 merger of these companies, Île-à-la-Crosse became the administrative center of the English River District, supporting nearby trading posts and solidifying its role in the fur trade. The Métis population grew as a result of intermarriages between Indigenous women and fur traders.By the late 19th century, many posts in the region closed due to settler expansion, the sale of Rupert's Land, and the buffalo's westward migration.As of the 2021 Census, the village had 1,425 residents, with 77% identifying as Métis and 18% as First Nations. Most residents speak English, with 18% speaking Indigenous languages, including Algonquian and Michif. Seasonal employment influences the population size, and many residents leave the community for work.

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