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Bronze Age (8)

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The Bronze Age is a historic period, approximately 3300 BC to 1200 BC, that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas writing, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system, as proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies and history. An ancient civilization is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age because it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Bronze was harder and more durable than other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage.

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Lake Bled, known as Blejsko jezero in Slovene and Bleder See or Veldeser See in German, is a stunning alpine lake nestled in the Upper Carniolan region of northwestern Slovenia, adjacent to the town of Bled. Renowned as a prime tourist destination, Lake Bled is conveniently located 35 km (22 mi) from Ljubljana International Airport and 55 km (34 mi) from the capital city, Ljubljana, with the Lesce–Bled train station just 4.2 km (2.6 mi) away. With a mixed origin stemming from glacial and tectonic forces, Lake Bled spans 2,120 meters (6,960 ft) in length and 1,380 meters (4,530 ft) in width, boasting a maximum depth of 29.5 meters (97 ft) and featuring a picturesque island within its waters. Surrounded by majestic mountains and verdant forests, the lake exudes natural beauty. Throughout history, Lake Bled has held significance as an important cult center, dating back to the Bronze Age. Archaeological findings, including gold appliqués from the 13th-12th century BC, suggest its cultural and religious importance. The medieval Bled Castle, situated atop the north shore, offers insight into the region's rich heritage and houses a museum. At the west end of the lake lies the Zaka Valley. Lake Bled has also been a venue for prestigious events, hosting the World Rowing Championships in 1966, 1979, 1989, and 2011, further enhancing its global acclaim. Throughout the centuries, Lake Bled has attracted European visitors seeking both recreational pursuits and medicinal benefits. Emperor Henry II, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, was so enamored with the lake's charms that he constructed Bled Castle in 1004, establishing it as an imperial estate. Today, the castle stands as a beloved tourist destination, reflecting the enduring allure of Lake Bled.

Monkodonja, a Bronze Age hillfort, was occupied between approximately 1850/1750-1500/1450 BC in the region of Istria, near Rovinj, Croatia. Positioned at an elevation of 81 meters above sea level, the hillfort takes the shape of an irregular ellipse, stretching 250 meters in length and 160 meters in width. It was enclosed by three concentric walls, with exploration revealing two entrances known as the Western and Northern Gates. These dry stone walls, reminiscent of Mycenaean architecture, were part of a defensive structure approximately 1 kilometer long, 3 meters wide, and at least 3 meters tall. The removal of stone for these walls led to the creation of a flat plateau. Within the hillfort's vicinity, discoveries included Bronze Age pottery, a neolithic burial in a nearby cave, and Bronze Age cist graves near the Western Gate. Housing about 1,000 residents, Monkodonja comprised distinct zones—a towering acropolis for the elite, an upper town, and a lower town, each serving specific functions. Crafting areas were scattered throughout, while houses varied in position, size, and construction, equipped with hearths and containing locally crafted pottery fragments. Monkodonja served as a crucial nexus linking the northern Adriatic to Central Europe and the Aegean, evident in findings like the enigmatic 'loaf-of-bread idols,' highlighting its integration into an extensive Bronze Age communication network. Abandoned around the mid-15th century BC due to a fire-related military event, Monkodonja remained uninhabited during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Sparse visits during the Roman Empire era, noted by the discovery of a 13 BC silver denarius of Emperor Augustus, marked intermittent activity at the site.

Barban, also known as Barbana in Italian, Barbon or Brban in the Čakavian dialect, is a compact town and administrative area situated in the southern region of eastern Istria, Croatia. Encompassing an approximate area of 100 square kilometers, the municipality of Barban comprises 72 villages and is home to a collective population of 2,491 residents.The grounds once housed a Bronze Age hill fort, where remains dating back approximately 3,400-4,000 years have been unearthed. The name Barban made its inaugural appearance in a religious document from 740 A.D. During the medieval period, the town was fortified under the rule of Pazin's feudal lords, and remnants of those ancient defenses endure today. Following a plague-induced depopulation in 1312, a small community of Dalmatians from Finodol resettled the area in the latter half of the 13th century, invited by the counts of Gorizia. By 1374, upon the demise of Albert IV, Count of Pazin, Barban became a full-fledged House of Habsburg possession, later passing into the hands of the Republic of Venice during the 16th century. The Loredan noble family acquired Barban from the Pazin counts in 1535.In Barban, an equestrian tournament called Trka na prstenac, reminiscent of Sinjska alka (equestrian competition held in the Croatian town of Sinj every first Sunday in August since 1715), takes place every third Sunday in August. Dating back to 1696 in Barban, this medieval jousting game has ancient roots and finds echoes in diverse forms across multiple medieval Italian towns today. This celebrated tradition captivates numerous tourists and spectators, transforming into a vibrant and widely popular festivity.

As one of he most representative and the biggest monument of its kind ever excavated in Albania, the Tumulus of Kamenica has been the cemetery of a rural community for more than seven centuries (from the late Bronze Age, around the 13th century B.C. to the developed Iron Age, around the middle of the 6th century B.C.). It has been the object of research and excavations of the Albanian Rescue Archaeology Unit of the International Centre for Albanian Archaeology in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology, Tirana, the Archaeological Museum, Korça and several international research institutions with the full financial support from the Packard Humanities Institute, Los Altos, California, USA. The Tumuli and the so-called Tumuli Culture play a particularly important role in the understanding of the cultural and historical processes of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Albania, as in the rest of the European continent. The custom of burying the dead under artificial burial mounds (tumuli) appears for the first time in the territory of today's Albania at the beginning of the Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium B.C. The earliest graves of these mounds belonging to the early and middle of the 2nd millenium B.C.) are few in number and appear in a limited number of tumuli, such as Piskovë (Përmet), Shtoj (Shkodër), Vajzë (Vlorë), Vodhinë (Gjirokastër), Pazhok (Elbasan), Midhë (Mat), Çinamak (Kukës) and possibly Barç (Korçë). Most of these tumuli contain a larger number of graves dating to the late Bronze Age (second half of the 2nd millennium B.C.). Many new tumuli start to be built during the late Bronze Age (1500-1050 B.C.), while burying of the dead under tumuli becomes very common for the whole of the Iron Age (1050-500 B.C.). For this very reason, the material culture, chronology and many other aspects of life of the prehistoric Illyrian population are understood mainly on the basis of the archaeological excavations and study of the tumuli. Recent studies have widened the potential for acquiring archaeological information from tumuli (and cemeteries generally) including the study of social organization, family relationships, through the study of ancient DNA, paleopathology, stress and conditions of life. The Tumulus of Kamenica is located to the southeastern most extremity of the Korçë basin. Similar to the other tumuli of the area, it lies on the first terrace between the plain and the range of mountains surrounding it. The wider area around the Tumulus, although never systematically explored, included few other tumuli of smaller sizes, now almost totally destroyed by continuous agricultural activity. Pottery of different time periods found on the surface in the immediate vicinity shows clear indication of habitation, but a settlement contemporary with the Tumulus, comparable in size with that of the community represented here, has not been identified. The nearest such settlement is to be found about 3 km to the southwest of the Tumulus: the hillfort site Bellovodë, which is enclosed within walls datable to the late Bronze and early Iron Age.

The four excavation campaigns organized by the Gr.A.PO. and conducted by the Cooperative PETRA soc. Coop of Padua under the scientific direction of the Superintendency have brought to light burials and finds that document the continuity of use of this funerary area for a very long period: the materials collected, both metallic (brooches, rings, bracelets, coins), belong to different phases of use of the site, from the presumed origin of the fourth century. BC, at the late La Tène period (ca. 150 - 80 BC), at the late Roman republican age (80 BC - 31 BC), at the late antique phase (IV - V century AD). Traces of more ancient occupations, dating back to the Bronze Age, have also been found in the layers of earth originating from the washing away of the soil from the nearby Colle di San Floriano.

Since these paintings on the rock were first discovered in 1989, more paintings were discovered until 1994. Thus these paintings are considered as the largest number of rock paintings ever discovered in Korea. These paintings are supposed to have been carved during the Bronze Age. Perhaps these are supposed to have been symbols of fertility among primitive people.

The Wolseongno Archeological Site in Yongdam-dong is located at a comparatively level ground, about 40 meters above sea level in the village of Wolseong (formerly called Meokdolsaegi). The site is about 1.5 kilometers off the coast, with Hancheon Stream about 500 meters in the east and Yongdamdong Tombs located about 200 meters in the west. The first excavation of the site took place in 1999 prior to the construction project to widen the Wolseong Crossroad, resulting in the discovery of the features of Bronze Age dwellings, including one rectangular pit house, two atypical pit dwellings, one stone-lined pit, and various stone mounds. The surveys and excavations of the Yongdam-dong area suggest that the Wolseongno Archeological Site was formed between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, and that it probably contained a large settlement. The discoveries in the site also imply that the settlement preceded that in the Archeological Site in Samyang-dong (Historic Site No. 412). Archeologists now believe that the Samyang-dong settlement represented by the band-rimmed earthenware coexisted with the Yongdam-dong settlement represented by the rim-perforated and rim-notched earthenware in the early phase of the Tamna period (ca. 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE) around the present-day Jeju-si.

Woncheon-ri relics refers to artifacts from the Bronze Age to the Three Kingdoms Period. The discovery of the Bronze Age artifacts includes about 30 ground plots, 1 stone-coffin tomb, and the excavation of the Iron Age through the Three Kingdoms Period artifacts include about 11 ground pots, 1 ditch hole, and more than 100 Suh-Hyeol(s) (holes lowered down from the surface of ground). The most important feature of Woncheon-ri relics is that the relics tell the sphere of Baekje's Eastern territories since the ancient country set up its capital in the area where Seoul is located. The ground plots had a wood-burning stove inside, and various kinds of earthenware, ironware, and jewelry (for decoration) were excavated. Particularly earthenware in Baekje style and big jars available to store food were excavated. For tools made of steel, various kinds of weapons and farming utensils were excavated. Particularly in weapons, various kinds of arrowhead, spear and its accessories, three-pronged forks were excavated. Stirrup (foot rest), horse bit, horse and armor used by a cavalry soldier were discovered and various kinds of hoes, U-shaped blade of spade, sickle, and other farming utensils were excavated. Besides, golden earrings, glass beads, and dangling jade made of stone were excavated from the ground plots. Like this, the excavation of various weapons and accessories from Woncheon-ri relics suggests that this historic site is a different area from the village where ordinary people had lived then.

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