1998 - Data Points by Date/Period

The Franjo Tuđman Bridge (Croatian: Most dr. Franje Tuđmana) is a cable-stayed bridge carrying the D8 state road at the western approach to Dubrovnik, Croatia across Rijeka Dubrovačka near Port of Gruž. The original bridge design was developed in 1989; however, construction was stopped at the onset of the Croatian War of Independence. Named after the 1st President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman, the bridge has been redesigned by the Structures Department of the University of Zagreb. The bridge is 518-metre (1,699 ft) long, measured between the abutments. The pylon is 141.5 m (464 ft) tall, measured from the top surface of the foundations. Construction of the bridge started in October 1998. The construction works were carried out by Walter Bau AG and Konstruktor, Split. Construction was completed in April 2002, and the bridge was officially opened on May 21, 2002. The bridge construction costs were reportedly 252 million Croatian kuna (c. US$31 million) making Franjo Tuđman Bridge the most expensive bridge in Croatia.

Kukje Gallery was first established by chairman Hyun-Sook Lee in Seoul's Insa-dong in 1982. In 1987, Kukje Gallery moved to its iconic K1 building in the center of Sogyeok-dong, a district rich in historical and cultural context. Since its founding, Kukje Gallery has played a crucial role in Seoul's cultural landscape by showcasing significant works by illustrious modern and contemporary artists. Internationally renowned artists like Louise Bourgeois, Alexander Calder, Anish Kapoor, Robert Mapplethorpe, Candida Höfer, Jenny Holzer, Bill Viola, Ugo Rondinone, Roni Horn, Jean-Michel Othoniel, and Julian Opie have had significant solo exhibitions featuring their work. Moreover, Kukje Gallery has made a commitment to promoting the works of some of the country's most significant artists, such as Yoo Youngkuk, Wook-kyung Choi, Kim Yong-Ik, Koo Bohnchang, Ahn Kyuchul, Hong Seung-Hye, Kyungah Ham, Haegue Yang, Sungsic Moon, and Suki Seokyeong Kang. Kukje Gallery also regularly participates in international art fairs like Art Basel, where it has participated since 1998. The gallery is deeply committed to fostering dialogue with audiences abroad who are unfamiliar with Korean art.

Koreana Hotel is a skyscraper and hotel on Taepyeongno, in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The hotel, with a marble lobby, contains 344 rooms and is 14 stories high. Construction began on the hotel on 20 December 1969 and it was completed exactly two years later in 1971. On 11 April 1989 it received 4-star status by Tourist Hotel Classification. 9 rooms were added in October 1998 and another 9 in April 2004. In 2001 renovation was completed of its exterior to a sleek looking modern hotel. It contains a number of restaurants, including Sunrise, Danube, Saka-e (catering in Japanese cuisine), Great Shanghai, The Blue, Mr. Chow and Peltierone. The Rough Guide to Seoul describes it as 'half the price of some of its competitors, but with similar rooms and service standards'.

Kanggye (강계시) is the provincial capital of Chagang, North Korea and has a population of 251,971. Because of its strategic importance, derived from its topography, it has been of military interest from the time of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). During the Korean War, after being driven from Pyongyang, Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved the capital to Kanggye after first moving temporarily to Sinuiju. The city was firebombed in November 1950 on American general Douglas MacArthur's orders after the Chinese People's Volunteer Army turned the course of the war; at least 65% of the city was destroyed. The following month Kim presided over a plenum of the cabinet at Kanggye, where he assigned blame for what he claimed were military failures during the losing phase of the war. Workers' Party general secretary Kim Jong-il toured facilities at Kanggye and the surrounding area in January 1998 amid the North Korean famine. Impressed by the people's success in building minor power stations and improving factories despite hardships, he urged other provinces to emulate the 'Kanggye spirit'. Kanggye gets its name, 'river junction,' from the Changja River, which flows through the city, and two tributaries. Kanggye has a mining industry producing copper, zinc ore, coal and graphite.

Gwangju established May 18th Memorial Park (205,000 meters squared) on the site of the former Sangmu army base that the Korean government ceded to Gwangju without Compensation in November 1996, to commemorate the May 18th Democratization Movement which served a pivotal role in Korean democratization. The construction of this park was completed in 1998 and the May 18th Memorial Culture Center, Daedong Square and Owolru Tower are placed in the park providing opportunities to experience Gwangju's mature civic awareness and democratic spirit of human rights.

The Jeju-mok Government Office (Jeju Provincial Office in the Joseon dynasty) was located around Gwandeokjeong. People presume that there had already been some main office facilities in this region since the Tamna Kingdom Era. After the office facilities were burned down in 1434 (the sixteenth year of King Sejong), they started construction and completed a basic structure the following year: they did extensions and reconstructions throughout the Joseon dynasty. However, the Jeju-mok Government Office building was completely destroyed during the Japanese colonial rule, and it was impossible to find any traces of them except Gwandeokjeong. The Jeju City Government conducted four excavations from 1991 to 1998, aimed at restoring the Jeju-mok Government Office, which served as the hub for politics, administration, and culture of Jeju from the Tamna Kingdom Era to the Joseon dynasty. As a result, along with many cultural relics ranging from the Tamna Kingdom Era to the Joseon dynasty, building sites of the main buildings, including Honghwagak, Yeonhuigak, Wooryeondang and Gyullimdang, and the ruins were confirmed and relics were unearthed. On March 30, 1993, the Jeju-mok Government Office Sites were designated as Historical Site No. 380. Moreover, based on the cornerstones and foundation that were confirmed during the excavation process, as well as research of the literature - including Tamnasunryeokdo. The Comprehensive Bibliography of Tamnabangyeong, and advice from members of the Central Cultural Properties Committee, local historians, and experts - the basic design for the restoration of the Office Sites was complete. In particular, this meaningful restoration work, which establishes the identity and center of Jeju history, involves the spirit of 300.000 Jeju people who donated the 50.000 tiles for this work. The joint restoration work between the public and the government for this great Jeju-mok Government Office started in September, 1999 at the end of the 20th century, adn was completed in December, 2002, in the New Millenium.

Gangneung Gymnasium (강릉실내종합체육관) is a multi-purpose indoor arena, located in the coastal city of Gangneung, South Korea. It was opened in 1998 for ice hockey at the 1999 Asian Winter Games. The seating capacity is 3,500. It is converted into ice surface when needed, while the underground floor is a permanent ice rink. It was used for the 2009 World Women's Curling Championships, 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games, 2017 World Junior Curling Championships, and 2017 World Wheelchair Curling Championship. It was used for both the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics as the venue for curling and wheelchair curling. It is the only Olympic venue in Gangneung which existed prior to the selection of PyeongChang as host city of the 2018 Winter Games. For the Games it was named the Gangneung Curling Centre (강릉 컬링 센터). It was renovated between October 2015 and October 2016 in preparation for the Games.

The Tartu St Luke's Methodist (Episcopal) parish was established in 1923. The Methodist Church grew out of an 18th century revival movement within the Church of England. Thus, its doctrinal and liturgical roots are in te Anglican tradition. The story of the church building is as follows. The first three years the church worked in rented premises. In 1926, after Dr Manteuffel's death, the church purchased the present property from his heir. Because of the beauty of the place it acquired the name "Methodist paradise". The villa that stood on the lot was adjusted for congregational work. There was a parsonage, office, other rooms, and a 300 seat worship hall. In the 1930's the parish planned building a church on the same property. In 1931, architect Engelhardt Corjus drew a sketch of the building but it was never realized due to the Soviet occupation. The new authorities nationalized church property and on 12th July 1941 Soviet destroyer battalion demolished the congregation building. The Soviet authorities did not permit to restore the building after the war and the ruins were bulldozed. The parish once again began to function in rented premises. The lower part of the property was turned into a sports ground with bleachers, the upper part remained unused. In 1998, the parish finally had its property returned. After some years, it became possible to restore a church on the site. The building was designed by architect Indrek Allmann in 2001. The first stage of the building began in spring 2002; consecration took place on 17th November 2002. The first stage includes the chapel and all necessary activity rooms. The sanctuary remains to be built in future. St. Luke's church was awarded the Best New Building of 2002 in Tartu.

The church is located at the corner of Raina and Riga streets. The first time that the church's name appeared in historical documents was in 1477. At that time it was called Saint Catherine's Church. The congregation was composed of the inhabitants from the Pilslugazi, Burga, Liellugazi and Cori estates. The patron of the church was one of the nobles, most often from the Wrangel Family. The church itself has endured a difficult past: it was destroyed twice, but thanks to the Wrangel family it was rebuilt several times. The first time the church suffered damage was in 1702 during the Northern War. The second time, only fifty years later, as well as in 1907, a fire broke out at night and destroyed the roof. The church tower burned completely and the bell fell into the church. It was restored by Baron von Wrangel's sister. The restored church was christened on May 2nd 1910 as Valka-Lugazi Evangelical Lutheran Church. The next major tower renovation took place on August 6, 1935. Before the renovation, the tower was grey, but now it was painted green. The wall and wood structures were painted white. Before the renovation, the tower swayed when the bell rang, so, this time the tower was reinforced with the new wooden frame. The ball and the rooster of the church tower were taken down for guiding and it turned out that during the Russian Revolution they had been shot through with bullet holes. The ball suffered about ten bullet holes and the rooster contained about twenty. They were handed over for repair to a Valka repair shop owned by Janis Melnbardis, and then painted by Riga's master craftsman Karlis Zile. The next tower repairs were completed in the summer of 1993 and in the spring of 1995. In 1991 the ball and rooster were again taken down from the tower because they were again riddled with bullet holes during the Second World War. Restoration was completed in 1993. Until August 29, 1995 they were stored in the Valka County Research Museum because the tower was undergoing reconstruction and repair. On August 29, 1995 the rooster was raised back into the tower, but a year later in July of 1996, the rooster's tail was becoming badly bent. There was a problem with the bearing support system and in order to fix it the rooster had to be taken down again. On January 20th the congregation's council decided to start remodelling the church's interior. Because the majority of the church's congregation in the past consisted of the surrounding peasant population, the interior design was dominated by wooden structures which created a rather heavy and solid impression. After completing research during the 1997 remodelling, new interesting facts were discovered. While restoring the church after the fire, the craftsmen covered up the wooden carvings with wood panels which adorned the altar as well as the prayer hall. The arches in the altar area were also covered with carved wooden ornamentation, which in the course of time was painted over and never restored. During the 1997 restoration, all wooden carvings and ornaments were restored. The wall paint was restored to its original colours, yellow by the altar area, light green in the prayer hall, and white around the windows. In 1998 the inside of the bell tower was restored as well as the viewing area of the city panorama. In 1999 the partial roof restoration was done. Tower restoration works were completed in 2006 from repainting the bell tower, reinforcing the roof structure, repairing the tower's rooster to the church's interior and exterior cosmetic upkeep. The church was built as a basilica. Looking from the top, it has a rectangular shape. The exterior of the church is simple (it used to be called the peasant church) and has many architectural characteristics resulting from the many renovations in its history. In the front of the building, one can observe classical and baroque styles. Nowadays the church serves as a house of worship and the church tower is used as the town's observation tower, which opens up to wonderful panoramic views of Valka and Valga.

The main castle is a Convent building, protected with three outer baileys. Prehistoric hillfort (9th - 13th century AD) was located on Kaevumagi, the site of the later main castle. In 1223 it was conquered by the German crusaders. Stone fortifications were started from AD 1224. The Convent building was erected at the turn of the 13th - 14th century. Modifications and reconstructions took place until the second half of the 16th century. The castle was badly damaged in the Livonian War 1558 - 1583 and the following Polish-Swedish War 1600 - 1622/23, it lost its remains of military importance in the Northern War 1700-1710. Parts of the castle were demolished during the 18th century, as the resurrecting town needed building material. Archaeological excavations took place in 1878-1879, in 1939 and since 1998.

1998 (30)

Other Dates/Periods

04-03-1904

05-05-1985

09-12-1918

28-09-1982

28-11-2005

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