1988 - Data Points by Date/Period

Tung Chung Fort is a historic site located near Tung Chung on Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Situated close to Tung Chung Road, it is surrounded by the villages of Sheung Ling Pei (上嶺皮) and Ha Ling Pei (下嶺皮) and has a companion structure, Tung Chung Battery, on the coast.The fort's origins trace back to the Shun Hei era (1174–1189) of the Southern Song dynasty. It was built when smugglers on Lantau Island transported salt to Canton City and clashed with government forces. A navy led by King Leok Chin (經略錢) was dispatched to suppress the smugglers, stationing 300 soldiers in Tung Chung who constructed the fort. After three years of peace, most of the soldiers were relocated to build the Kowloon Walled City, where they later settled.During the Qing dynasty, the fort became a base for pirates, including the infamous Cheung Po Tsai. Following his surrender, the Qing government reclaimed the fort. It was rebuilt in either 1817 or 1832 and was garrisoned by the Right Battalion of Tai Peng to defend the coast against piracy until the New Territories were leased to Britain in 1898, after which it was abandoned.During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the fort. Later, it underwent several changes in use, serving as a police station, Wa Ying College, and eventually becoming the base for the Rural Committee Office and the Tung Chung Public School.Declared a monument in 1979, the fort was refurbished in 1988. It features six intact muzzle-loading cannons mounted on cement bases with granite enclosures. The fort, measuring 70 by 80 meters (230 by 260 feet), also has three arched gateways inscribed with Chinese characters.

The Lippo Centre, originally known as the Bond Centre, is a twin-tower skyscraper complex completed in 1988. Located at 89 Queensway in Admiralty, Hong Kong Island, it is near the Admiralty MTR station. Tower I stands at 186 meters (610.2 feet) with 46 stories, while Tower II is 172 meters (564.3 feet) tall with 42 stories. The complex spans approximately 1.3 million square feet, comprising two office towers, a retail podium on the ground floors, and a small basement car park.Upon completion in late 1987, the Lippo Centre came under the management of Savills Investment Management. However, the building's history has been marred by repeated corporate ownership collapses. Initially, a consortium linked to the Singapore-based Kwee Liong Tek family led the project, but their majority interest was sold mid-construction to Australian tycoon Alan Bond. Bond’s financial empire crumbled four years later with the collapse of the Bond Corporation.Subsequent ownership changes included Peregrine Investments Holdings, which also faced financial failure, and the Indonesian-backed Lippo Group, the current majority owner. Despite its prominence, the Lippo Centre has been linked to claims of bad feng shui, attributed to the distinctive C-shaped glass extrusions, often likened to koalas clinging to a tree. Local feng shui consultants have speculated that this design contributes to the building's misfortunes, though Peregrine’s own feng shui consultant dismissed such concerns.Today, the Lippo Centre remains a notable landmark in the heart of Admiralty, embodying both architectural distinction and a history of corporate intrigue.

Les Cours Mont-Royal is an upscale shopping mall located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, transformed from the former Mount Royal Hotel. Originally designed by the architectural firm Ross and Macdonald, the ten-story, 1,036-room Mount Royal Hotel was once the largest hotel in the British Empire and opened in 1922, aiming to attract high-class tourists with its Beaux-Arts architecture. Other notable Montreal buildings by Ross and Macdonald include Holt Renfrew, the Montreal Neurological Institute, and the Dominion Square Building.In 1950, the hotel was sold to Sheraton Hotels and renamed the Sheraton-Mt. Royal Hotel in 1951. The hotel operated under Sheraton until March 31, 1982, when the nearby Le Centre Sheraton Hotel replaced it. The Mount Royal Hotel closed in 1984 and underwent a $140 million renovation to become a mixed-use complex, reopening in 1988 as Les Cours Mont-Royal. The complex now houses a shopping mall in the lower levels and basement, luxury condos on the upper floors, and office space in between.The mall’s interior features the original hotel lobby, adorned with a large chandelier from the Monte Carlo casino, and its shopping area is arranged around four open courts. Highlights include six bird-human sculptures by Inuit artist David Ruben Piqtoukun under the main skylight, as well as luxury amenities like Spa Diva, Montreal's largest spa, and a medical clinic. Les Cours Mont-Royal is connected to Peel metro station through Montreal’s underground city.

Canadian Forces Detachment Dundurn (CFD Dundurn) is a Canadian military facility located near Dundurn, Saskatchewan, about 40 km south of Saskatoon along Brightwater Creek.The area now known as Camp Dundurn was originally used in 1858 as a camping ground for Métis hunters. During the 1930s, an Unemployment Relief Camp was established, leading to the construction of key infrastructure, including an airstrip, 45 permanent buildings, roads, railway spurs, and bridges.The camp's military use dates back to 1928 when it was organized as Dundurn Military Camp. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Air Force set up a bombing range, and the Canadian Women's Army Corps established one of its first units there. In January 1942, the A27 Canadian Armoured Corps Training Centre moved from Camp Borden to Dundurn, later becoming the A27 Canadian Reconnaissance Training Centre. More than 50,000 soldiers trained at Camp Dundurn during the war before heading overseas. After the war, the camp remained active, serving as a transit hub for returning troops.In 1947, No. 6 Ordnance Ammunition Depot was established at the camp, and permanent married quarters were built for military personnel and their families. In the 1960s, Camp Dundurn became a detachment of CFB Moose Jaw, and in 1988, it came under the administrative control of 17 Wing at CFB Winnipeg.No. 6 Ordnance Ammunition Depot was renamed Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Dundurn (CFAD Dundurn) after the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces. CFAD Dundurn remains the largest ammunition storage facility in the Canadian military, serving as the distribution centre for both domestic and overseas deployments.

Nokomis is a town located in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.The area's history began with homesteading opportunities opening in 1904. In 1906, Florence Mary Halstead established a post office on her farm and named it 'Nokomis.' Following the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the town requested that the post office be moved into town, which was granted under the condition that the town be renamed Nokomis. Initially located in Henry's Men's Clothing Store, the post office moved to its own building just north of the Times Office the following year.In 1907, the town was named Junction City in hopes of becoming a major urban center in western Canada. That year saw the establishment of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Northern Crown Bank, with early residential construction including homes for Norman Townsend and J.I. Jamieson. Ewart's Hall, located above the Northern Crown Bank, hosted the first schoolroom classes with Mabel Dobbyn, who later married K.W. Reikie of the Bank of Commerce, as the first teacher.By 1908, the town had begun to grow with the arrival of lumber, hardware, and carpenters, and plans for a brickyard were considered. The Nokomis Times building was erected on 2nd Avenue by W.C.R. Garrioch. The town was officially renamed Nokomis in the same year. The post office was officially opened in 1909.In 1910, the Carter Land Company began acquiring land in the district. The discovery of a coal seam southeast of Nokomis in 1912 led to the start of two additional mines between 1914 and 1916. By 1918, Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) had acquired surface and mineral rights to 5,000 acres in the area.Following World War II, returning veterans found work with a new American oil company, ND Oil Seekers. In 1947, the first oil well, known as NOW1, was drilled in the Hatfield Basin, which was known for its sweet crude oil and shallow depth. This discovery made the area attractive to new oil companies. In 1988, the first horizontal well was drilled, setting several records for speed, length, and production.In 1998, the Saskatchewan Provincial Rifle Association purchased land east of Nokomis to reopen an abandoned rifle range, now known as North Star Range, where long-range target shooting is practiced.As of the 2001 census, Nokomis had a population of 436, with a density of 167.3 people per square kilometer.

Haeundae Beach, situated in Busan, South Korea, within the Haeundae District, has been a prominent urban beach since its inauguration in 1965. At that time, it held the distinction of being the largest beach in the country. Spanning a sandy stretch measuring 1.46 kilometers (0.91 miles) long and 40 meters (130 feet) wide, this beach offers accessibility with a handicap-friendly parking lot. Throughout the year, Haeundae Beach remains open to visitors and serves as the backdrop for numerous festivals. Notably, the Polar Bear Club, an annual event dating back to 1988, sees participants daringly immersing themselves in near-freezing waters in January. Renowned for its ties to cinema, the beach has become associated with the Busan International Film Festival and gained cinematic recognition through the 2009 disaster film, Tidal Wave. Beyond its cinematic connections, Haeundae Beach has also been a venue for esports events, featuring games such as StarCraft.

The Lutheran Cathedral of Saint Mary, also known as the Evangelical Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermannstadt (Sibiu), and Biserica Evanghelică din Sibiu, stands as a renowned example of Gothic architecture in Sibiu, Transylvania, central Romania. Its distinctive towering steeple, rising to a height of 73.34 meters, serves as a prominent city landmark. Atop this steeple, four turrets were positioned as a symbol to signify the town's authority to impose capital punishment. The cathedral is affiliated with the Lutheran German-speaking Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania. Originally constructed during the 14th century on the site of a 12th-century Romanesque church, the Sibiu Lutheran Cathedral originally served as the Catholic parish church of St. Mary. However, during the mid-16th century, it transitioned into a Lutheran parish following the conversion of the Transylvanian Saxons to Protestantism under Johannes Honter. Over the course of three centuries, the cathedral became a burial ground for notable figures from Sibiu, including mayors and nobles. While this practice was discontinued in 1796, an exception was made in 1803 for Baron Samuel von Brukenthal, who was interred in the crypt. Electric lighting and heating were installed in the cathedral in 1910, and a comprehensive renovation was carried out in 2021. Within the Lutheran Cathedral, two substantial organs are housed. The original organ, reportedly dating back to 1350, was eventually replaced by the Sauer Organ, constructed from 1914 to 1915. Boasting 78 registers, the Sauer Organ stands as Transylvania's largest instrument. Positioned on the south balcony is the Hahn Organ, crafted by Transylvanian organ builder Johannes Hahn in 1748. Initially crafted for the parish church in Boarta, the organ later found a home at the Samuel von Brukenthal National College before being relocated to the Cathedral in 1948. Subsequent restorations were undertaken in 1988 and 2008. The cathedral's nave features notable epitaphs, including that of Samuel von Brukenthal. Another significant artistic feature is the Rosenau Fresco, a sizable fresco produced in 1445, portraying scenes from the life, passion, and ascension of Jesus Christ. Crafted by artist Johannes von Rosenau, this artwork takes its name from its creator. Additionally, the cathedral boasts a bronze baptismal font, reportedly fashioned from the melted remains of an Ottoman cannon.

The central square of Chișinău, the capital of Moldova, is called the Great National Assembly Square (Piața Marii Adunări Naționale in Romanian), formerly recognized as Victory Square (Piața Biruinței). This vibrant square is encompassed by significant buildings and monuments, including:The Monument of Stephen the GreatMonument to the Victims of the Soviet OccupationGovernment HouseTriumphal ArchNativity CathedralCathedral ParkIn the 19th century, an area near Stefan cel Mare Avenue became a government center following Russian-style urban planning. It hosted demonstrations and rallies, including a notable one in 1929. Renamed Victory Square in 1944, it took its current form in 1951. The Soviets expanded it in 1987-1988. A proposal to revert the name was rejected by the Moldovan Government in 2003, citing inappropriateness and leaving the decision to Chișinău City Hall.The square has hosted various events, including parades during the Soviet era and military parades post-independence. It witnessed public demonstrations, like Yuri Gagarin's visit in 1966, the adoption of Romanian as a state language in 1989, and a 2018 rally for Moldova-Romania reunification. Political activities like protests against President Voronin in 2009 and events during the 2015–2016 protests occurred. The European Moldova National Assembly took place here in May 2023.

During rescue excavations started in 1988 and preceding the construction of an apartment building on 'Lilyana Dimitrova' Blvd. (today 'Maria Luisa' Blvd.), archaeologist Mina Bospaehieva discovered part of Philippopolis' fortification wall and an early Christian Basilica directly west of it, since the newly discovered church was smaller than the Great Basilica (today Episcopal (Bishop's) Basilica of Philippolis), it was called the Small Basilica. It is a three-aisled building with an apse and a one-bay narthex. The floors in all the premises are covered in polychrome mosaics, except for the chapel on the basilica's southern side. There is an ambo in the center of the nave and an enclosure for the altar, which obliterated the first two rows of a framed (tabula ansata) donor inscription in ancient Greek. The basilica was destroyed by a fire and later restored with no significant changes to its plan. When the basilica was restored (second building period), the mosaic floor was buried under the brick floor of the restored basilica, and the new tripartite narthex's foundations destroyed parts of the mosaics. A baptistery containing a deep cruciform baptismal font (piscino) in its floor was added at the basilica's northeastern corner. The floor was initially covered with bricks over which was later laid a polychrome mosaic depicting pairs of deer and birds surrounded by an intricate frame. The mosaic floor of the original basilica dates to the 5th century and that of the baptistery to the beginning of the 6th century. Portions of the Small Basilica's mosaics were conserved in situ, which is also the case for the piscina and mosaic in the baptistery, while the rest of the basilica's mosaics were lifted in two campaigns (1993-1994, 1998). These fragments were later located and restored under the guidance of conservator Elena Kantatreva-Decheva (2011-2012). After the building of a protective enclosure above the basilica, these fragments were placed back (2013). The Small Basilica has been open to tourist visits since the beginning of May 2014. In the period 2010-2013, an overall restoration and socialization of the site of the Small Basilica was carried out, with the support of America for Bulgaria Foundation, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Bulgaria and Plovdiv Municipality. The Small Basilica's mosaics have been included in UNESCO's Tentative List.

The Constanța Casino, known as Cazinoul din Constanța in Romanian, is a former casino located in Constanța, Romania. Recognized as a historic monument by the Romanian Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony, the casino is situated on the seafront of Constanța along the Black Sea, in the historic Peninsulă District. The casino has seen several iterations, with the first structure, made of wood, being constructed in 1880. The current building, considered a symbol of Constanța, was built in the Art Nouveau style based on the designs of Daniel Renard. It was inaugurated in August 1910. Throughout its history, the casino operated as a gambling venue for 38 years, although its operations were interrupted by the two World Wars. It suffered damage during World War I, being attacked and bombed by Bulgarian and German troops, and was further ravaged in World War II. At one point, it served as a makeshift wartime hospital. In 1948, the building was converted into a community center, and later, in 1960, it was transformed into a restaurant. The last major renovations took place between 1986 and 1988. However, the casino has remained closed since 1990 due to high operational costs. Efforts have been made to rehabilitate the building, including attempts by Constanța City Hall in 2006. In 2007, it was leased to an Israeli company, but the building suffered further damage during their tenure. In 2018, the casino was listed as one of the 7 most endangered sites in Europe. The edifice was transferred to the administration of the National Investment Company in 2014, with plans for rehabilitation work. However, the project faced setbacks due to disqualification of participating companies and subsequent litigation. In January 2020, restoration work finally began after the Ministry of Development issued the order to proceed. The investment for the restoration is estimated to take 30 months, with completion expected in 2024. The casino has been the subject of long-standing efforts to preserve and restore its historical significance.

1988 (35)

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