1969 - Data Points by Date/Period

The Cross-Harbour Tunnel (CHT or XHT) is Hong Kong's first underwater tunnel, consisting of two steel road tunnels with two lanes each, constructed using the single shell immersed tube method. Opened in 1972, it was the first of three vehicular harbour crossings in Hong Kong. Initially built under a 30-year private-sector franchise, the tunnel’s title passed to the Hong Kong government in 1999 when the franchise ended.The tunnel, one of the most congested roads in Hong Kong, saw 116,753 vehicles passing through daily in 2013. The project followed a build–operate–transfer (BOT) model, with a private company responsible for financing, construction, operation, and toll collection for 30 years. The original concession was granted to Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company Limited (now Cross-Harbour Holdings Limited), which was founded in 1965. The Hong Kong government held a 20% stake to maintain influence. Designed with two lanes in each direction, the tunnel was intended to accommodate 80,000 vehicles daily. The project was jointly engineered by Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners and Freeman Fox & Partners.Linking Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, the tunnel connects Kellett Island (now part of Hong Kong Island due to reclamation) to a reclaimed area near Hung Hom Bay in Kowloon, near the former Hong Kong Technical College. The tunnel's toll plaza, located at the Hung Hom end, has 14 toll booths. Before its construction, cross-harbour vehicular traffic relied on ferries, while passengers used the Star Ferry.Construction began in September 1969 and was completed a year ahead of schedule, opening on 2 August 1972. Initially charging HK$5 per car, the operator recouped the construction costs in just three and a half years. In 1984, the Hong Kong government introduced an additional tax to address overcrowding, raising the toll to HK$10 per car.In 1993, an electronic toll collection system was installed, increasing vehicle capacity by better managing traffic flow. The tunnel was operated by Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company Ltd until 1999, after which the government took over. From November 2010, Serco managed the tunnel under contract, later replaced by Chun Wo Tunnel Management Limited in 2016. In November 2022, Serco resumed management.The tunnel gained cultural significance in 2017 when it was featured in the Hong Kong action film 'Shock Wave', starring Andy Lau. In November 2019, during the Hong Kong protests, demonstrators set up roadblocks and set fire to tollbooths, leading to the tunnel's closure for several days.In 2023, manual toll collectors were replaced by HKeToll, an electronic toll collection system. Cash and Octopus Cards are no longer accepted, and toll booths have been removed. The tunnel now generates approximately HK$700 million in annual toll revenue.

The Milden Community Museum, a Municipal Heritage Property, stands prominently at the northwest corner of Main Street and Saskatchewan Avenue in the Village of Milden. The site features a wood-frame, one-story former schoolhouse, originally built in 1917 and relocated to Milden in 1951.The heritage value of the Milden Community Museum is rooted in its history as a public institution. Constructed in 1917, this building served as the first schoolhouse for the Equity School District, known as Equity School. It operated as a Grades 1-8 school until closing in 1942 and sat vacant until it was moved to its current location in 1951. There, it functioned as a Grade 1-2 school until its second closure in 1956. In 1969, the Milden Museum Corporation purchased the building and, in 1970, opened it as the Milden Community Museum. Since then, the museum has preserved the property, making various renovations to house its expanding collection of artifacts and exhibits.Key character-defining elements that highlight the heritage value of the Milden Community Museum include: architectural features that reflect its history as a public building, such as its traditional schoolhouse design with a distinctive window wall, segmented windows, hip roof, rectangular floor plan, original blackboards, bell dormer with bell, and a flagpole.

The museum building, constructed in 1906 by one of the district's first merchants, served as an R.C.M.P. barracks from 1952 to 1968. The Esterhazy Museum Society was established in 1969, and in 2001, the museum was relocated from its original site on Veterans Avenue to a central spot in the Historical Park.In addition to its museum exhibits, the building also serves as the area's tourism office and plays a role in promoting the town. Tours are available for school classes, seniors, organizations, and visiting groups, with seasonal and specialty displays enhancing local interest.To book tours, contact the Visitor Information Centre at (306) 745-5406 (May-September) or the Town Office at (306) 745-3942 (October-April).

Lafleche is a small town in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada, located in the Rural Municipality of Wood River No. 74, at the intersection of Highway 13 and Highway 58. Situated on the south bank of Lafleche Creek, a tributary of the Wood River, it lies 20 km south of Gravelbourg and 45 km west of Assiniboia. The community's origins trace back to 1905 when settlers formed the village of Buffalo Head, which later changed its name to Lafleche in honor of Louis-François Richer Laflèche.In 1910, a school district was established, and a school was built on land owned by Mr. Belisle. By March 1912, a hamlet had developed on land owned by F. X. Brunelle, featuring a bank, two stores, and blacksmith shops. The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1913 prompted rapid growth, leading to the relocation of the hamlet's houses to the new site, which quickly transformed into a village with spacious streets and avenues.By 1913, businesses such as Square Deal Store, Palace Livery, and Lafleche Meat Market had emerged, prompting the village's incorporation the same year. In December 1913, telegraph service began, and by 1914, the village had expanded to twelve blocks. The following years saw the opening of various businesses, including a jewelry store and multiple lumber yards.Despite facing challenges in the 1920s, including a notorious bank robbery in 1922, Lafleche continued to grow. The community saw the establishment of public amenities, such as sidewalks, electric lights, and a fire brigade. The 1930s brought hardships, but residents launched the first rural community credit union in Saskatchewan in 1938 to address financial needs.Lafleche persevered through the war years and established essential services, including a hospital in 1944. By 1953, it had officially become a town, and infrastructure improvements continued with the installation of water and sewer services in the 1950s.Significant milestones include the construction of a curling rink in 1961, the opening of the Wood River Centennial Home for seniors in 1967, and the paving of streets in 1969. Lafleche celebrated its centennial in 2013. According to the 2021 Census, the town had a population of 373 residents living in 184 of its 201 total private dwellings, reflecting a slight decrease from 382 in 2016. With a land area of 1.43 km², the town had a population density of 260.8/km².

Dundurn is a town with a population of 675, located in central Saskatchewan, within the Rural Municipality of Dundurn No. 314. It lies along Highway 11, or the Louis Riel Trail, about 42 km south of Saskatoon. Primarily an agricultural town, Dundurn also serves as a bedroom community for Saskatoon and Canadian Forces Detachment Dundurn, located 6 km to the north and operating under 17 Wing Winnipeg.The town is situated between Highway 11 and Brightwater Lake, with Swamp Lake directly to the north. Blackstrap Provincial Park, located 7 km east of town, features a man-made lake (Blackstrap Lake) and a man-made mountain (Mount Blackstrap), which was built between 1969 and 1970 to host the 1971 Canada Winter Games. While the ski hill remained open to the public until 2008, it is now abandoned.Nearby attractions include Dakota Dunes Casino and Golf Course on the Whitecap Dakota First Nation, which opened in 2007, and the CFB Dundurn Golf Club, located at Canadian Forces Detachment Dundurn. The town also features roadside attractions like the Bone Gatherer and Horse and Wagon along Highway 11, and the Wilson Museum, which is hosted in three buildings, including the historic Woodview School.Dundurn has three designated heritage properties. The Dundurn Community Centre, formerly known as Dundurn School or Old Brick School, was built in 1916 by the Bigelow Bros. and designed by architect R. M. Thomson. It served as a school until 1980 and now functions as a community center. The Old Bank Building, constructed in 1906, housed various banks such as the Northern Bank and Northern Crown Bank, and later served as a post office from 1935 to 1957. Dundurn Moravian Brethren Church, also referred to as the United Church of Dundurn, was built as a joint church for Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Moravian congregations.According to the 2021 Census, Dundurn saw a population increase of 10.5% from 2016, with 675 residents living in 257 of its 269 private dwellings. The town has a population density of 456.1 people per square kilometer over its 1.48 km² area.

The Marieval Indian Residential School was part of Canada’s Indian residential school system, located on the Cowessess 73 reserve in Marieval, Saskatchewan. It operated from 1898 to 1997 in the Qu'Appelle Valley, east of Crooked Lake, and 24 km (15 mi) north of Broadview.In June 2021, the Cowessess First Nation discovered 751 unmarked graves on the school grounds, the largest number found in Canada to date, according to the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN). This was the third such discovery in Canada in 2021, following 215 unmarked graves found at Kamloops Indian Residential School. Initially operated by the Congregation of Our Lady of the Missions and later by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Saint-Hyacinthe from 1901 to 1979, the school was funded by the government starting in 1901 and managed by them from 1969. The Cowessess First Nation took over in 1987 until the school closed in 1997 and was demolished in 1999, replaced by a day school.Enrollment peaked in 1962-63 with 148 residents and 89 day students. Students had limited contact with their families, initially only allowed to visit on Sundays. Their hair was cut upon arrival, and they were assigned numbers used by staff, who were expected to 'physically dominate' the students. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada reported in 2015 that there was no comprehensive effort to record student deaths across the system. A National Residential School Student Death Register was established in 2019 with $33.8 million over three years allocated to maintain it.The cemetery adjacent to the school predates it, with graves dating back to 1885. By 2021, only an estimated third of the graves remained marked. In the 1960s, many tombstones were removed by a priest, leading to further erasure. In 2019, the Archdiocese of Regina provided $70,000 to restore the cemetery and identify the graves. The Cowessess First Nation began a search of the grounds with ground-penetrating radar in May 2021, after delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They found 751 unmarked graves over 44,000 m², though many are believed to be members of the local community, and the exact connection to the school remains unclear. The discovery was followed by further efforts to identify the graves, and by October 2021, 300 of the 751 were identified.Public reaction included statements of support from political leaders such as Saskatchewan Premier Scott Moe and Ontario Premier Doug Ford, along with calls for action from Indigenous leaders. Bobby Cameron, chief of the FSIN, described the schools as 'concentration camps' for Indigenous children. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau acknowledged the responsibility Canada bears for this dark chapter of its history, though many called for more than just words.In response to the discoveries in Marieval and Kamloops, several communities across Canada canceled 2021 Canada Day celebrations. Acts of vandalism and arson targeted Catholic churches in the aftermath. The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, who operated the school, announced they would release all historical documents related to their involvement.

The Porcupine Plain & District Museum has a long history in the Town of Porcupine Plain. Established in 1968/69 by Harry and Margaret Salmond, who donated their collection from a Curiosity Shop on their farm, the museum has since been designated a Heritage Site.The museum features a wide range of authentic items, including wood-burning stoves, antique machinery, an antique truck, collectible dishes and cutlery, traditional clothing, and a bird display with hundreds of specimens from the Porcupine Plain and Somme areas. It also houses a collection of photos, uniforms, and artifacts related to soldiers who settled in the region.Notably, the museum is home to one of Canada's four genuine lace pillows and includes a Soldier Settlement exhibit with a log house, church, and schoolhouse, all furnished with period-appropriate items. The log house was built in the 1920s by Pete Lier and Art Wagstaff, the church was constructed in 1942 in Somme with funds from England, and the Swampy Lake School operated from 1936 to 1963.Located at 151 Windsor Avenue, at the west end of Elm Street, the Porcupine Plain & District Museum offers free admission. It is open from the first Sunday in July to the long weekend in September, Sunday through Thursday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and is closed on Fridays and Saturdays. Hours are subject to change.

The Unification Pavilion, located in the Joint Security Area on the North side of the Military Demarcation Line, serves as a venue for peace talks between North and South Korea. The building is situated in the village of Panmunjom, which, before the Korean War, was a small settlement of householders. The Pavilion, positioned 80 meters northwest of Phanmun Pavilion, is a two-story building covering 1,500 square meters. Constructed in 1969, it is equipped with closed-circuit television and microphones in the meeting rooms to allow real-time monitoring of the discussions in Pyongyang. Besides its primary role in diplomatic meetings, part of the building is also used as office space for North Korean military personnel. On January 9, 2018, a meeting was held at the Peace House between Kwon Hyok Bong, director of the Arts and Performance Bureau in North Korea's Culture Ministry, and Hyon Song-wol, North Korea's deputy chief delegate, and their South Korean counterparts to discuss inter-Korean participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics. This meeting continued on January 15 at the Unification Pavilion. Additionally, the May 2018 inter-Korean summit took place there on May 26.

The Phanmun Pavilion is a North Korean building situated in the northern part of the Joint Security Area in Panmunjom. Constructed in September 1969, it serves as North Korea's counterpart to the House of Freedom, which is located 80 meters to the south on the South Korean side of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL). In April 2018, Kim Jong-un was observed leaving the Phanmun Pavilion as he approached the MDL for his summit meeting with Moon Jae-in.

The church, dating back to 1404 and financed by Lady Engaldruda de Vanto, initially followed a Gothic design, evident in its nave and cross vault. Later, during the Baroque period, renovations added the presbytery and dome. Antonio Trevisan's 1669 design for the altar, based on Bonfante Zorzi's plans, is complemented by Ambrogio Bon's 1705 painting of Our Lady of the Snows. Illusionistic paintings from the 19th century adorn the ceiling, while gold-plated frames by Battista Marangon showcase biblical motifs on the sidewalls. Paintings attributed to Tommaso Gregolin embellish the northern wall, with works by various artists displayed elsewhere. Despite thefts in the 1990s, copies of stolen paintings grace the southern wall. Notable discoveries during a 1969 reconstruction include a 17th-century painting, 'Procession of Our Lady of the Snows,' now above the entrance door, and a Gothic-era 'Crucifixion' and 'Annunciation' uncovered beneath later works, dating to the 15th century. These discoveries represent unique examples of Gothic table paintings in Slovene Istria.

1969 (22)

Other Dates/Periods

02-05-1986

1600

20-07-2023

1641

15-02-1926

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