1941 - Data Points by Date/Period

The first church was built in 1905 on a fifteen-acre site located one and a half miles west and one mile south of Smuts. It was destroyed by fire in 1925, and a second church was erected on the same site in 1926. By then, the site had been reduced to ten acres, as five acres were given by the parishioners for the construction of a Ukrainian Greek Orthodox church. In 1954, the church was relocated to a half-acre site in western Smuts. Archbishop Basil Ladyka blessed the church and altar in 1932, and Bishop Andrew Roborecki visited in 1954 and 1962.The church is a wooden cruciform structure measuring 67 by 39 feet, featuring an open central dome and smaller cupolas on the front towers. The interior and exterior walls are clad in narrow wood siding, the roof is shingled, and the domes are covered in white sheet metal.Inside, the church is centered around a large, well-lit octagonal dome and includes a sanctuary, sacristies, nave, and choir loft. An adjoining separately roofed porch functions as a vestibule. The main altar, along with two small side altars dedicated to the Mother of God and Christ the Redeemer, were hand-carved by Stepan Meush using a technique known as 'rizba.' The painting behind the main altar, depicting the church patron, is also by Meush. The church has wooden pews seating approximately 170 people, and features electricity and central oil heating. The total construction cost was $11,000, funded through the generous voluntary labor of parishioners, with E. Slonetsky serving as the chief foreman.In 1926, parishioners constructed a single bell belfry near the church and installed a cross to commemorate the parish’s Holy Mission. The Prosvita Home of Andrey Sheptytsky, initially serving as the rectory, was reconstructed into a parish hall in 1934 under Rev. Stephen Semczuk’s pastorate and later relocated with the church to its current site in Smuts. The original site remains as the parish cemetery. Ivan Pryma donated the combined fifteen-acre church and cemetery site, and the parish was named 'na Pryymovim' in his honor.Ukrainian settlement in the Smuts district began in 1900, with settlers mainly from Borshchiv and Horodenka counties. The parish was established during the construction of the first and second churches with the help of early pastors Rev. Tymofey Wasylewich and Rev. Roman Cherepaniak. In 1926, the parish executive included P. Rypchynski, V. Shawaga, D. Turchyniak, and I. Dziadyk. Membership statistics included 45 members and 120 children in 1941, 125 souls in 1961, 138 people in 1967, and 10 families in 1975. By 2003, the parish was directed by Rev. Deacon Ray Lalach.The Ukrainian Catholic parish of St. John the Baptist at Smuts is part of the Vonda mission district.

Ozernoye is a small village in the steppes of northern Kazakhstan, located between Petropavlovsk and Kokshetau. Founded nearly 90 years ago, it became a settlement for Poles deported from Ukraine by the Soviet Union in 1936 and during World War II. Initially, the village's collective farm grew wheat, but the collapse of the Soviet Union led to its closure, widespread unemployment, and a population decline to fewer than 200 residents. Despite its decline, Ozernoye has become a significant Catholic pilgrimage site, housing the Shrine of Our Lady of Peace, the only Marian shrine in Central Asia. Local legend tells of a miracle in 1941 when, during a famine, the villagers prayed to the Virgin Mary. The snow melted, forming a lake with abundant fish that saved them from starvation. In 1997, a statue of the Virgin Mary with a fishing net was erected by Lake Mariyamkol and consecrated by Pope John Paul II. The first Catholic church in Ozernoye was established in the early 1990s, and a larger temple followed. In 2011, the parish was declared the 'national sanctuary of Our Lady Queen of Peace, patroness of Kazakhstan.' Thousands of pilgrims visit annually, preserving the connection between the descendants of the deported Poles and their heritage. Recent developments include a new hotel and the restoration of the local cemetery by Polish pilgrims. Despite the village's challenges, the community remains connected through their faith and Polish identity.

The Tóth Palace stands as a neo-Rococo residential structure along Tisza Lajos körút in Szeged. Designed by Pál Kótay, this building enjoys local protection. The palace was commissioned by siblings Ferenc and Pál Tóth, entrepreneurs, and situated at the junction of Tisza Lajos boulevard and Kálvin tér, offering a splendid view of the elegant boulevard's downtown stretch. Architect Pál Kótay, recognized in Szeged, was tasked with its design. The resulting neo-rococo townhouse featured apartments with four or five rooms, including a servant's quarters, each with dual entrances to the corridor. Kótay's concept accommodated the use of a room as an office or clinic. A corner tower gained a balcony adorned with intricate railing. The Tóth brothers claimed possession before the city's stipulated drying deadline, causing a dispute that delayed the issuance of housing permits until 1902. The palace housed professionals like lawyers, officials, and doctors, including royal forester Ferenc Kiss. Minor changes occurred later. In 1941, a wartime shelter was constructed in the basement, followed by the conversion of yard stables into apartments in 1957.

European Avenue, known as Europska avenija in Croatian, graces the cityscape of Osijek, Croatia. This thoroughfare stands as a paragon of beauty and significance within Osijek, distinguished by its captivating array of Secessionist edifices. Osijek holds a notable reputation for its Secessionist architectural marvels, a stylistic preference that once swept across the expanse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The splendid parade of palatial structures along European Avenue, predominantly repurposed as offices and local administrative hubs today, was erected during the early 20th century, echoing the design ethos of the famed 'Viennese secession.' Notably, the grandest among these edifices, the Postanska palača, bears the hallmark of 'the Hungarian secession' style. Alongside these stand various neoclassical buildings hailing from the 19th century, including the Municipal Court of Osijek. In the pantheon of residences adorning this boulevard, none beckons visitors more fervently than the Museum of Fine Arts. Within its walls resides an opulent collection of paintings and sculptures that eloquently portray the essence of the region. Among these treasures, noteworthy are the portraiture of Slavonian noble dynasties from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as the romantically imbued landscapes depicting Slavonia and Baranja. Additionally, the oeuvres of Hugo Conrad Von Hötzendorff and Adolf Waldinger, luminaries responsible for establishing Osijek's artistic foundation, further enrich the museum's offerings.Timeline: By the end of the 19th century this street was extension of Kapucinska Street, with only few buildings on southern side of street. In 1894, the Palace of Croatian Chamber of Economy was built in the historicist style. In 1897, the Neumann building, today the home of Gallery of Fine Arts was built in the Italian renaissance style. From 1904 to 1906, on northern side of street were built a string of secession buildings. At this time the street was called Chavrakova Street (Croatian: Chavrakova ulica). In 1919, the street was renamed to Aleksandrova Street (Croatian: Aleksandrova ulica). It was called after then Yugoslav king Alexander. In 1941, the street was renamed to Ante Starčević Street (Croatian: Ulica Ante Starčevića). It was called after Croatian politician Ante Starčević. In 1946, the street was renamed to Boulevard of generalissimo Stalin (Croatian: Bulevar generalissimusa Staljina). It was called after Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. In 1948, the street was renamed to Boulevard of Yugoslav People's Army (Croatian: Bulevar Jugoslavenske narodne armije). It was called after Yugoslav People's Army. In 1993, the street was renamed to European Avenue. In 2017, a number of the facade of many of the buildings were renovated, including the Municipal Court, partially by EU funds.

The borders of the ghetto: Pavlovskaia street (modern day Petru Rares / Constantin Tanase), Harlambie street (modern day Alexandru cel Bun street), Sf. Vineri street (modern day Octavian Goga street), Marasesti street (modern day Junimea street), Sf. Gheorghe street, and Garii-Viilor-Bannaia-Siriiscaia streets (modern day Gradinilor - Albisoara streets).The ghetto was enclosed by a wooden fence with barbed wire and had a total perimeter of 4km. Beginning in August 1941, the Jewish population of Chisinau were forced to wear the yellow star on their chest, which further denigrated the victims. It thus became easier for the Nazis and their accomplices to observe the Jews in the city. In August 1941 the ghetto had 80 guards and by October the number had reached 250. Once the Jewish men, women and children were registered, they were forced to move into the ghetto. According to various estimates, between 10400 and 13000 people were imprisoned in the Chisinau ghetto. General Constantin Niculescu reported the total number of persons displaced in the ghetto: 11525 in total, 4148 men, 4476 women and 2901 children.The deportation of the first group of Jews from the Chisinau ghetto to Transnistria took place on October 8th, 1941. The deportees' column traveled an 80 kilometer route for two days: from Chisinau to Orhei on the first day and from Orhei to Rezina on the second day.Food supplies were getting worse day by day. People were starving. The ghetto was administered by a council of 20 persons under the leadership of Gutman Landau. This council could only do one thing: oversee the daily distribution of 200 grams of bread for each person and 200 portions of soup. There were 3 to 5 families in each ghetto apartment. Due to overpopulation, high density, bad hygiene, lack of clothes, underwear and medication, the living conditions were very poor. There were outbreaks of typhus and typhoid fever which evolved into epidemics. According to various estimates in the autumn of 1941, 10 to 25 people died every day in the ghetto.Since mid-September 1941 the administration of the ghetto became stricter. On September 22, 1941, General Constantin Voiculescu ordered tighter control, so that 'nothing should be taken out or introduced into the ghetto for the Jews'.The last group of Jews, 257 persons in total, were deported from the ghetto. According to various sources, between 118 and 188 persons were temporarily allowed to remain in the city. But the latter were eventually deported to Transnistria between May 20th and June 20th, 1942. On April 22, 1993, the 'Monument to the Victims of the Chisinau Ghetto' was inaugurated on the spot of the former entrance to the ghetto.

Spiru Haret Dobrujan College, also known as Colegiul Dobrogean Spiru Haret, is a prestigious high school situated at 14 Noiembrie Street, nr. 22 in Tulcea, Romania. The school's history can be traced back to 1883 when it was originally established as a real gymnasium exclusively for boys. However, due to an economic crisis in 1885, it temporarily closed down. In 1890, it reopened with three grades, later expanding to four. By 1897, it transformed into a high school with the addition of a fifth grade, further growing to seven grades in 1899. Education Minister Spiru Haret approved the construction of the school's first dedicated building in 1902, which served as the only high school in Northern Dobruja at the time. The following year, it was named after Prince Carol, the heir to the throne. Notably, the region's first student publication emerged from this school in 1906, and its library, established in 1916, became the first public library in Tulcea. During World War I, the school temporarily shut down under Bulgarian occupation in 1916 but reopened in 1918 after the war ended. In 1923, a bust of Spiru Haret was unveiled near the school premises. The north wing of the building was constructed between 1925 and 1926, providing ten classrooms with modern facilities, electric lighting, and proper furniture. Additionally, the schoolyard was paved and surrounded by a stone fence. Over the years, several improvements were made, including the addition of teacher's rooms, a reception area, basement, and attic by 1927. The school's name changed in 1941, dropping the reference to Prince Carol after he abdicated as king in 1940. With the onset of the communist regime in 1948, the girls’ high school merged with the boys’, transforming the institution into a co-educational one. In 1971, another wing was built, featuring ten classrooms and three science laboratories. During the same period, the school was officially named after Spiru Haret. Workshops and a museum were established in 1973, further enriching the educational environment. The school's current name, Spiru Haret Dobrujan College, was adopted in 1996. The historic school building has been recognized as a monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs. The construction date of the building is noted as 1925–1930. The bust of Spiru Haret, situated nearby, is also listed as a historical monument.

After the War of Independence, the Bulgarian community in Constanța requested land from the local authorities to construct a church dedicated to 'St. Cyril and Methodius' in 1898. The church, currently known as Sf. Nicolae Vechi, was consecrated in 1907 and adorned with paintings by Ioanid Batrânul. Following the Craiova Treaty of 1941, the Bulgarians gained ownership of places of worship in the Quadrilateru region, leading to the return of ownership rights over churches in Dobrogea. During the Second World War, the 'St. Apostles Peter and Paul' church served as a diocesan church after a bomb hit its altar. The Evangelical Church of the Augustan denomination on Karol Blvd. was demolished in 1961, and on April 9, 1963, the Constanța Municipal People's Council assigned the current church on Maior Gh. Șonțu Street to the Evangelical Cult for use and interior remodeling. The church underwent restoration and repainting by Ion Musceleanu after 1940, and in 1987, it was transferred to the Archdiocese of Tomis and the Lower Danube due to the dwindling number of members in the Evangelical Cult. Father Nicolae Voicu initiated consolidation works, and on December 6, 1987, the Holy Liturgy was celebrated for the first time since 1963. Father Nicolae Voicu later considered establishing a new church in the area, and from 1995, Father Marius Moșteanu oversaw the painting site. On November 21, 1998, the consecration of the painting took place. Various priests served in the church, including Father Bogdan Moise, who left to found another church, and Father Alin Constantin Boc was appointed to the vacant position by Archbishop Teodosie on April 4, 2003.

The Triumphal Arch, known as Arcul de Triumf in Romanian, is a monument located adjacent to the Nativity Cathedral on Piața Marii Adunǎri Naționale nr. 2 in Central Chișinău, directly across from Government House. It was constructed in 1840 by architect I. Zauschevic as a commemoration of the Russian Empire's victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29). Originally, the monument housed a large bell weighing nearly 6,400 kg (400 Puduri) on its second level until 2011. The building is square in shape, consisting of two levels, with a height of 13 meters. The capitals of the four pillars are adorned in the Corinthian style, while the upper level features classical decorations. A mechanical clock, illuminated at night, is displayed on the front of the arch but does not chime to indicate the time. The ornamentation and capitals are made of ceramic materials. The initial clocks on the arch were installed in 1842, imported from Odesa. However, seven years later, a strong wind damaged the dial, and the mechanism continued functioning until 1881 when it was replaced. The new mechanism was purchased from Austria. The clock remained operational without repair until the outbreak of war when it was damaged during bombings in 1941. In 1945, plaques were affixed to the Arch's walls, bearing the names of Soviet army fighters and Moldovan citizens who fought in Bessarabia during World War II and were honored with the title 'Hero of the Soviet Union.' These plaques were later removed in 1991 after the country gained independence. The Triumphal Arch in Chișinău occupies a prominent position within the architectural ensemble, aligning with the Nativity Cathedral, its bell tower, the Great National Assembly Square, and the Government House. It was crafted using copper from cannons captured by Russian forces during conflicts with the Ottoman Empire. The bell, originally intended for the cathedral's belfry but deemed too large, was ultimately installed in the arch, which was purposefully designed to accommodate it. In 1973, the monument and its clock mechanism underwent complete restoration.

Chișinău City Hall (Romanian: Primăria municipiului Chișinău) is a historical and architectural monument built in Italian Gothic style located in Central Chișinău, Moldova. Originally constructed to house the city Duma in 1901, the building was nearly destroyed during World War II. It was rebuilt in the postwar period based on surviving images and construction plans. At the end of the 19th century, the mayor of the city, Carol Schmidt, proposed the construction of a new seat for the city council, on the site occupied by the fire station. The design was entrusted to Mitrofan Elladi, the then city architect. Alexander Bernardazzi was invited to help him. The architecture of the building is eclectic in spirit based on Italian Renaissance architecture. The construction of the Duma headquarters was finished in 1902. In 1941, during the withdrawal of the Soviets, the local council, as the town hall was then called, was blown up. The building was restored in 1944 by the Romanian administration. It was destroyed again, in August of that year, during the Soviet aerial bombardment. After the war, the building required a serious restoration, and this was done by the architect Robert Kurtz, in the period 1946-1948. He was inspired by the preserved photographs, to restore the facade as close as possible to the original version. In 1951, the administration returned to the building, thus being put into operation.

The mansion of Carabet Balioz (Armenian boyar) is an architectural monument of national importance in Ivancea, Orhei district (Republic of Moldova), built in the second half of the 19th century. The building is built in Western European style with elements of Russian classicism. The mansion also includes a park of 3 ha, known as Ivancea park, with chestnuts, firs, linden trees, as well as exotic plants for the Republic of Moldova. There is also a three-level water tower, barns, cellars, mill, stables, blacksmith shop and other outbuildings. In 1941 , the descendants of Balioz took refuge across the Prut , and the mansion was used by the new administration as a military hospital, bathhouse, library, as well as for other purposes. Part of the boyar's wealth was stolen and dismantled by the locals. In 1975 it was taken under the protection of the state, and in 1984 the complex was transformed into the Museum of Folk Crafts, a subsidiary of the National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History. In the same year, the restoration works of the mansion began, which were never finished. In 1996 , the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Agriculture handed over to the National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History all the constructions of the complex.

1941 (26)

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0554

27-10-2022

26-10-2022

1609

1177

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