1860 - Data Points by Date/Period

The Victoria Bridge (French: Pont Victoria), initially named the Victoria Jubilee Bridge, is a historically significant bridge that crosses the St. Lawrence River, connecting Montreal, Quebec, to the southern city of Saint-Lambert. Opened in 1859, it was designed by British engineer Robert Stephenson, son of George Stephenson, and was notable as the first bridge to span the St. Lawrence River, facilitating year-round travel across the waterway for the first time in Canadian history.The original bridge was a tubular iron structure made from prefabricated wrought iron sections shipped from England, built by the British engineering firm Peto, Brassey, and Betts. The bridge was part of a grand vision tied to the Grand Trunk Railway's mission to connect the Great Lakes region to an Atlantic port in Portland, Maine. This ambitious project had the support of the colonial government of the United Province of Canada, as they sought to create a major commercial artery linking the interior of the continent with ocean access.When it was inaugurated by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, in 1860, the bridge was the longest in the world. Its initial structure, a long iron tube, was constructed between 1854 and 1859. At the height of its construction, more than 3,000 workers were involved in assembling the bridge, using six steamboats, 72 barges, and four locomotive engines at a total cost of $6.6 million. The bridge’s tubular structure allowed for a single rail track, enabling efficient freight and passenger rail service. However, with time, the tubular design proved limiting as rail traffic and structural demands grew.In 1897, the bridge underwent a major reconstruction to accommodate increasing traffic. The original tubular structure was replaced with a wider metal truss bridge, allowing for a double-track rail, a roadway for vehicles, and space for pedestrians. This renovation also made room for an electric tram line, and the bridge was rededicated as the Victoria Jubilee Bridge in celebration of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. Remarkably, the bridge's original masonry piers, slightly modified, supported the new structure with only minor alterations, underscoring the durability of the original engineering.Today, the Victoria Bridge continues to play an essential role in Montreal’s infrastructure. At nearly 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) long, it serves both rail and road traffic, with the central lane dedicated to Canadian National Railway trains, while Route 112 runs on the outer lanes on either side. The bridge is a key segment in CN’s mainline between Halifax and Montreal, helping to cement Montreal's position as a crucial North American rail hub.The 1958 addition of the St. Lambert Diversion as part of the St. Lawrence Seaway project allowed for an alternate route across the bridge during times when ships pass underneath the main span. This secondary bridge includes both rail and roadway access and provides a diversion to avoid delays.Traffic patterns across the bridge vary based on the time of day, supporting the daily commuter flow between Montreal and Saint-Lambert. From 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., both lanes are allocated for northbound traffic, accommodating the morning rush into Montreal. In the evening, from 3:00 p.m. to 7:15 p.m., both lanes switch to southbound traffic to facilitate the return commute. At other times, the bridge offers one lane in each direction. Due to its age and structural constraints, access to the bridge is restricted to lighter vehicles, with only Longueuil’s special bus route 55 allowed to cross. Larger vehicles and trucks are diverted to the nearby Champlain and Jacques-Cartier bridges due to the Victoria Bridge’s narrow lanes and low clearance.After decades of reliable service, the bridge remains an enduring symbol of Victorian-era engineering and Canadian railway history, as well as a vital conduit in Montreal’s urban and commercial landscape.

Bonsecours Market (French: Marché Bonsecours) is a two-story domed public market located at 350 Rue Saint-Paul in Old Montreal, Quebec. Opened in 1847, it served as Montreal's main public market for over a century and briefly hosted the Parliament of United Canada in 1849. Named after the nearby Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel, the Neoclassical building was inspired by Dublin's Customs House and designed by British architect William Footner. Construction began in 1844, with major alterations by Irish-born architect George Browne completed in 1860.The market also housed Montreal City Hall from 1852 to 1878, including a 3,700-square-meter meeting room and a concert hall added by Browne. It continued as a farmer’s market until 1963, after which it was transformed into a multi-purpose space with cafés, restaurants, boutiques, and event halls.Designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1984, Bonsecours Market was commemorated by Canada Post in 1990 with a $5 stamp featuring its image. The stamp was designed by Raymond Bellemare and printed by the British American Bank Note Company and the Canadian Bank Note Company.

Bangor, with a 2016 population of 38, is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, located within the Rural Municipality of Fertile Belt No. 183 and Census Division No. 5.The village was settled in 1902 by descendants of Welsh families who had originally migrated to Patagonia in 1860. After facing conflicts with Argentine authorities and a flood in 1899, about 250 of them moved again, this time to Saskatchewan, encouraged by David Lloyd George and Evan Jenkins, a fellow Welsh Patagonian who had settled in Canada earlier.Bangor was officially incorporated as a village on June 8, 1911. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway had planned to name the community Basco, but the Welsh settlers successfully petitioned to name it after Bangor, a town in Wales. According to the 2021 Census conducted by Statistics Canada, Bangor had a population of 40, an increase of 5.3% from 2016, with 11 of its 12 private dwellings occupied. The village spans an area of 1.57 km², resulting in a population density of 25.5 people per km².In the 2016 Census, Bangor’s population was recorded as 38, a 21.1% decrease from 2011 when the population was 46. With a land area of 1.65 km², the village had a population density of 23.0 people per km² at that time.

Holy Trinity Anglican Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic-style building situated along the banks of the Churchill River in Stanley Mission, part of the Lac La Ronge First Nation and Lac La Ronge Provincial Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.Designed by Rev. Robert Hunt, an English missionary who established Stanley Mission in 1851 with permission from the Hudson's Bay Company, the church was constructed between 1854 and 1860. Local Cree craftsmen built it using locally sourced lumber, while Hunt brought hardware and stained glass from England. Once the heart of a large missionary complex that included nearly 30 buildings and a cemetery, the church remains the oldest standing building in Saskatchewan. Though not the seat of a bishop, its impressive size, with a tall central nave and intricate spire, has earned it the nickname 'cathedral.'In 1970, Holy Trinity Anglican Church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It also became a provincially registered historic site on August 26, 1981. On June 10, 2010, a ceremony marked its 150th anniversary.

This Métis village is located on a peninsula extending into Lac Ile-a-la-Crosse, 685 km from Saskatoon. It is accessible year-round via Highway 908, which connects to Highway 155, 21 km northwest. Charter air service and bus service to Prince Albert are available, while the nearest Cameco facility is the Key Lake operation, situated over 230 km northeast.Ile-a-la-Crosse has a population of approximately 1,300, predominantly Métis, with ancestry including French, Scottish, Scandinavian, and Cree settlers.Ile-a-la-Crosse is the second oldest community in Saskatchewan, with historical ties to the Churchill, Beaver, and Canoe River systems. Louis Riel’s grandparents were married here, and his sister, Sara Riel, worked at the convent and is buried in the local cemetery.The Cree name, Sakitawak, means 'the place where the river flows out.' Its strategic location made it a key administrative center for the English River District of the Hudson’s Bay Company and a significant supply depot on the fur trade route during the late 18th and 19th centuries. A Roman Catholic mission was established in 1846, and in 1860, three Grey Nuns founded a school and hospital.Today, the village’s economy relies on commercial fishing, forestry, wild rice harvesting, and resource extraction. The Rossignol Elementary School serves about 200 students from preschool to Grade 6, while the Rossignol High School offers Grades 7 to 12 and adult educational programs.

Novo Mesto Cathedral, also known as St. Nicholas's Cathedral (Slovene: novomeška stolnica, stolnica sv. Nikolaja), serves as the principal church of the Diocese of Novo Mesto and stands as a prominent landmark within the town. Situated atop a hill overlooking the Krka River (Sava), this stone church holds a significant historical place. Before the establishment of the Diocese of Novo Mesto on April 7, 2006, it functioned as a capitular church and is occasionally referred to as the Capitular Church of St. Nicholas (kapiteljska cerkev or simply Kapitelj). Its architectural style seamlessly combines elements of Gothic and Baroque, with a unique broken longitudinal axis due to the elevated chancel compared to the nave. The church's origins date back to before 1428, with remnants of the original structure, particularly the chancel with its three bays walled on five of eight sides, still preserved. Reconstruction commenced in 1493 concurrent with the establishment of the chapter and continued until 1623. A fire in 1576 caused damage, prompting Provost Polidoro de Montagnana to sponsor renovations, commissioning a new high altar and acquiring Tintoretto's painting, 'The Vision of Saint Nicholas' (c. 1582), which adorns the church. Subsequent enhancements in 1621 introduced Baroque arches to the nave and three Baroque chapels on each side. Throughout the centuries, the church underwent several transformations, including a Gothic-style rework in the 19th century and the installation of new side altars by Valentin Metzinger in 1733. A polygonal belfry replaced an older structure in 1860, while Matija Tomc renovated the main altar in 1868. Further adornments included the decoration of the chancel by Matija Koželj in 1901.

In the historic district of Sozopol, you will find one of Bulgaria's oldest and most exquisite Bulgarian Revival churches, known as 'St. George the Victorious.' This architectural gem houses precious fragments of St. John the Baptist's relics, discovered on the island of St. John. Within the walls of the church of St. George the Victorious, a collection of valuable icons dating back to the latter half of the 19th century is meticulously preserved. Additionally, the church safeguards other significant Christian relics, including a portion of the Holy Cross and fragments of the relics of St. Andrew the First Called. Originally serving as the cathedral of the Sozopol diocese, this church was constructed in 1860 on the grounds of an ancient basilica. Throughout its history, it has undergone various renovations and repairs, with the most recent restoration occurring in 1991.

The Stairs Passage in Sibiu, a stone and brick connection between the Upper and Lower Towns, dates back to the 14th century as part of the city's third fortification belt. Restoration work occurred in 1860 and 2006, with a 3,000,000 lei investment by the City Hall for soil consolidation, masonry restoration, and stair pavement replacement. In September 2007, José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission, visited the Stairs, pledging support to (at that time) Mayor Klaus Iohannis for historical monument preservation.

The University of Iași is the first modern university in Romania. It was founded in 1860 at the initiative of politician Mihail Kogălniceanu and of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza, then named after the latter in 1942. This University Palace in Copou Quarter was opened by the royal family in 1897, then extended in the 1930s and rehabilitated after the bombing in 1944. The painting entitled 'Homage to the Founders' at the end of the 'Hall of Lost Steps' gallery, along with the statue of Mihail Kogălniceanu in front of the building, emphasize the role of local personalities in the birth of Romania in 1859. During the First World War, the Old Auditorium hosted the Romanian Senate, and other rooms were occupied by the War and Education Ministries, the Red Cross and the Scouts.The building was erected in eclectic French style in 1897, by the Swiss architect Louis Blanc. The Hall of Honour, called 'The Hall of Echoing Lost Steps', hosts the masterpiece of the painter Sabin Bălașa: 19 wall paintings depicting the history of the Romanian people, universal myths, Romanian legends, poet Eminescu's universe, and the ideals of socialism. In the left wing, 'The Galaxy of Love' (the largest mural of Romania, 50 square meters) dominates 'Mihai Eminescu' Magna Hall of 'Alexandru Ioan Curza' University. In the right wing, there are two masterpieces of the royal period: the Old Auditorium and the Library of 'Gh. Asachi' Technical University. The latter has been recently included in the 'Top 30 Most Majestic Libraries in the World'. Under the central staircase, there is 'Tafrali BookShop - Cafe' and the University souvenir shop.

The Genoese Lighthouse, also known as Farul Genovez in Romanian, is a lighthouse and historical monument situated on the waterfront of Constanța, Romania, near the Constanța Casino. Positioned behind a group of statues featuring the bust of Mihai Eminescu, sculpted by Oscar Han, it adds to the scenic beauty of the area. Rising to a height of approximately eight meters, the lighthouse has a rectangular base that extends up to about three and a half meters before transitioning into an octagonal shape. Inside the lighthouse, there is a cylindrical space housing a stone spiral staircase. The structure rests on a two-step pedestal base and is crowned with eaves supported by brackets. The lantern room, which serves as both the roof and the metal housing for the lighthouse's beacon, completes the top section. Originally constructed around 1300 by the Genoese traders who engaged in port activities, the lighthouse played a crucial role in guiding ships within a range of about two nautical miles to the small port of Constanța. In the mid-19th century, between 1858 and 1860, the lighthouse was rebuilt by Artin Aslan, a French-Armenian engineer, under the commission of the British-owned Danube and Black Sea Railway Company. This restoration project aimed to pay tribute to the Genoese merchants who established a thriving sea trade community in the area.

1860 (23)

Other Dates/Periods

18-02-2023

29-10-2011

1996 - 1999

23-12-2009

06-07-2019

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